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Securing a seat in a top medical or dental college (MBBS/BDS) is the ultimate dream for thousands of pre-medical students in Pakistan. The MDCAT (Medical & Dental College Admission Test) conducted by PMDC through admitting universities like UHS, NUMS, SZABMU, and KMU is highly competitive and concept-driven.
According to the standard PMDC paper pattern, out of 200 total MCQs, Biology carries the highest weightage with 68 MCQs. If you master Biology, you secure the biggest chunk of your entry test score. To help you prepare effectively, we have curated a master list of 100 highly repeated FSc-level Biology MCQs from recent past papers.
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Open MDCAT Merit Calculator ➔MDCAT Biology Syllabus Focus Areas
- Cell Biology: Organelles, Mitosis/Meiosis, Fluid Mosaic Model.
- Bioenergetics & Enzymes: Photosynthesis, Respiration, Enzyme kinetics (Lock & Key, Induced Fit).
- Human Physiology: Digestion, Circulation, Nervous System, Immunity, and Hormones.
- Genetics & Evolution: Mendelian laws, DNA replication, Mutations, and Natural Selection.
Interactive MDCAT Biology Mock Test
Test your conceptual grip by attempting the 100 MCQs below. Click "Show My Result" at the end of the test to view your scorecard and read detailed explanations for all questions to clear your doubts.
📝 Interactive Practice Test (100 MCQs)
0 / 100 answered
Question 1 of 100
The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane was proposed by:
✅ Correct Answer: A
Exp: S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson proposed the Fluid Mosaic Model in 1972, which describes the cell membrane as a fluid lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Exp: S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson proposed the Fluid Mosaic Model in 1972, which describes the cell membrane as a fluid lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Question 2 of 100
Which organelle is known as the "Powerhouse" of the cell?
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Mitochondria are called powerhouses because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.
Exp: Mitochondria are called powerhouses because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.
Question 3 of 100
The process of programmed cell death is called:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
Exp: Apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
Question 4 of 100
Ribosomes are synthesized in the:
✅ Correct Answer: A
Exp: The nucleolus, located within the nucleus, is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and processing, and of ribosome assembly.
Exp: The nucleolus, located within the nucleus, is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and processing, and of ribosome assembly.
Question 5 of 100
Enzymes are primarily made of:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Almost all enzymes are proteins, made up of chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Exp: Almost all enzymes are proteins, made up of chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Question 6 of 100
The lock and key model of enzyme action was proposed by:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Emil Fischer proposed the Lock and Key model in 1894, suggesting that the enzyme's active site and the substrate fit together perfectly.
Exp: Emil Fischer proposed the Lock and Key model in 1894, suggesting that the enzyme's active site and the substrate fit together perfectly.
Question 7 of 100
Which component is the energy currency of the cell?
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in all living organisms on earth.
Exp: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in all living organisms on earth.
Question 8 of 100
The end product of glycolysis is:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Glycolysis breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate), producing a net gain of 2 ATP.
Exp: Glycolysis breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate), producing a net gain of 2 ATP.
Question 9 of 100
Photosynthesis takes place inside the:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Chloroplasts are the organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis.
Exp: Chloroplasts are the organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis.
Question 10 of 100
Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble. Vitamins B and C are water-soluble.
Exp: Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble. Vitamins B and C are water-soluble.
Question 11 of 100
Bile is produced by the:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: The liver produces bile, which is then stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine to help digest fats.
Exp: The liver produces bile, which is then stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine to help digest fats.
Question 12 of 100
The longest bone in the human body is the:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: The femur, or thigh bone, is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body.
Exp: The femur, or thigh bone, is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body.
Question 13 of 100
Gas exchange in the human lungs takes place in the:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Alveoli are tiny, balloon-shaped air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
Exp: Alveoli are tiny, balloon-shaped air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
Question 14 of 100
The pacemaker of the human heart is the:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: The Sinoatrial (SA) node generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract, acting as the natural pacemaker.
Exp: The Sinoatrial (SA) node generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract, acting as the natural pacemaker.
Question 15 of 100
The universal blood donor group is:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: O negative blood has no A, B, or Rh antigens on the red blood cells, making it safe for transfusion to any other blood type.
Exp: O negative blood has no A, B, or Rh antigens on the red blood cells, making it safe for transfusion to any other blood type.
Question 16 of 100
Which part of the brain controls balance and voluntary muscle coordination?
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.
Exp: The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.
Question 17 of 100
The functional unit of the kidney is the:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: The nephron is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood.
Exp: The nephron is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood.
Question 18 of 100
Insulin is secreted by the:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.
Exp: Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.
Question 19 of 100
Which hormone is known as the "fight or flight" hormone?
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Adrenaline is released by the adrenal glands in response to stressful or exciting situations, preparing the body for a 'fight or flight' response.
Exp: Adrenaline is released by the adrenal glands in response to stressful or exciting situations, preparing the body for a 'fight or flight' response.
Question 20 of 100
The basic unit of heredity is the:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, made up of DNA.
Exp: A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, made up of DNA.
Question 21 of 100
Humans have how many pairs of chromosomes?
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.
Exp: Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.
Question 22 of 100
Who is known as the Father of Genetics?
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.
Exp: Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.
Question 23 of 100
DNA structure is a:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: DNA has a double helix structure, discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick (with data from Rosalind Franklin).
Exp: DNA has a double helix structure, discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick (with data from Rosalind Franklin).
Question 24 of 100
The process of copying DNA into mRNA is called:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
Exp: Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
Question 25 of 100
The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA is called:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription.
Exp: Translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription.
Question 26 of 100
Charles Darwin's theory is known as:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, outlined in his book "On the Origin of Species".
Exp: Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, outlined in his book "On the Origin of Species".
Question 27 of 100
The study of fossils is called:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Paleontology is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (includes the study of fossils).
Exp: Paleontology is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (includes the study of fossils).
Question 28 of 100
Bacteria reproduce primarily through:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea).
Exp: Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea).
Question 29 of 100
Viruses are made up of:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. It consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid).
Exp: A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. It consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid).
Question 30 of 100
The disease Malaria is caused by a:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Malaria is caused by single-celled microorganisms of the Plasmodium group, transmitted by the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
Exp: Malaria is caused by single-celled microorganisms of the Plasmodium group, transmitted by the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
Question 31 of 100
Antibiotics are effective against:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances active against bacteria. They do not fight viral infections like the common cold or flu.
Exp: Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances active against bacteria. They do not fight viral infections like the common cold or flu.
Question 32 of 100
Fungi are primarily:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Fungi cannot make their own food. They are heterotrophs, specifically decomposers (saprotrophs) that absorb nutrients from dead organic matter.
Exp: Fungi cannot make their own food. They are heterotrophs, specifically decomposers (saprotrophs) that absorb nutrients from dead organic matter.
Question 33 of 100
Which element is essential for the formation of chlorophyll?
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Magnesium is the central core atom in the chlorophyll molecule, essential for photosynthesis.
Exp: Magnesium is the central core atom in the chlorophyll molecule, essential for photosynthesis.
Question 34 of 100
Xylem in plants is responsible for:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. Phloem transports food (sugars).
Exp: Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. Phloem transports food (sugars).
Question 35 of 100
The loss of water in the form of vapor from aerial parts of plants is called:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems, and flowers.
Exp: Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems, and flowers.
Question 36 of 100
Which part of the flower produces pollen grains?
✅ Correct Answer: D
Exp: The anther is the part of the stamen (male reproductive organ of a flower) where pollen is produced.
Exp: The anther is the part of the stamen (male reproductive organ of a flower) where pollen is produced.
Question 37 of 100
The total number of bones in an adult human body is:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: An adult human has 206 bones, whereas an infant is born with around 270 bones which later fuse together.
Exp: An adult human has 206 bones, whereas an infant is born with around 270 bones which later fuse together.
Question 38 of 100
Blood is a type of:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Blood is considered a fluid connective tissue because it has a matrix (plasma) and derives from mesenchyme.
Exp: Blood is considered a fluid connective tissue because it has a matrix (plasma) and derives from mesenchyme.
Question 39 of 100
Red blood cells (RBCs) are produced in the:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Erythropoiesis (RBC production) occurs in the red bone marrow of large bones.
Exp: Erythropoiesis (RBC production) occurs in the red bone marrow of large bones.
Question 40 of 100
The lifespan of a human Red Blood Cell is approximately:
✅ Correct Answer: D
Exp: Human RBCs circulate for about 100 to 120 days before being destroyed by macrophages in the spleen and liver.
Exp: Human RBCs circulate for about 100 to 120 days before being destroyed by macrophages in the spleen and liver.
Question 41 of 100
White Blood Cells (WBCs) are also known as:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: WBCs are called leukocytes. RBCs are erythrocytes, and platelets are thrombocytes.
Exp: WBCs are called leukocytes. RBCs are erythrocytes, and platelets are thrombocytes.
Question 42 of 100
The breakdown of red blood cells takes place primarily in the:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: The spleen is often called the "graveyard of RBCs" as it filters and destroys old or damaged red blood cells.
Exp: The spleen is often called the "graveyard of RBCs" as it filters and destroys old or damaged red blood cells.
Question 43 of 100
Normal blood pressure in humans is:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: A normal blood pressure level is less than 120 systolic over less than 80 diastolic.
Exp: A normal blood pressure level is less than 120 systolic over less than 80 diastolic.
Question 44 of 100
Which enzyme is present in human saliva?
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Salivary amylase begins the digestive process by breaking down starch into maltose.
Exp: Salivary amylase begins the digestive process by breaking down starch into maltose.
Question 45 of 100
The major site of nutrient absorption in the human digestive system is the:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: The small intestine is covered with tiny projections called villi, which increase surface area for maximum nutrient absorption.
Exp: The small intestine is covered with tiny projections called villi, which increase surface area for maximum nutrient absorption.
Question 46 of 100
Gastric juice in the stomach contains which acid?
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: The stomach secretes HCl, which provides the acidic environment necessary for the enzyme pepsin to digest proteins.
Exp: The stomach secretes HCl, which provides the acidic environment necessary for the enzyme pepsin to digest proteins.
Question 47 of 100
Urea is formed in the human body in the:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Urea is formed in the liver through the urea cycle (from ammonia and carbon dioxide) and is then transported to the kidneys for excretion.
Exp: Urea is formed in the liver through the urea cycle (from ammonia and carbon dioxide) and is then transported to the kidneys for excretion.
Question 48 of 100
The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: The neuron (nerve cell) is the fundamental unit of the brain and nervous system, responsible for receiving sensory input and sending motor commands.
Exp: The neuron (nerve cell) is the fundamental unit of the brain and nervous system, responsible for receiving sensory input and sending motor commands.
Question 49 of 100
The gap between two neurons is called:
✅ Correct Answer: A
Exp: A synapse is a small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next.
Exp: A synapse is a small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next.
Question 50 of 100
Which gland is known as the "Master Gland"?
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: The pituitary gland is called the master gland because its hormones control other parts of the endocrine system (like the thyroid, adrenals, and gonads).
Exp: The pituitary gland is called the master gland because its hormones control other parts of the endocrine system (like the thyroid, adrenals, and gonads).
Question 51 of 100
Goiter is caused by the deficiency of:
✅ Correct Answer: A
Exp: A lack of dietary iodine causes the thyroid gland to enlarge (goiter) as it tries to trap as much iodine as possible.
Exp: A lack of dietary iodine causes the thyroid gland to enlarge (goiter) as it tries to trap as much iodine as possible.
Question 52 of 100
The pigment responsible for human skin color is:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes. It protects the skin against sun damage and gives it its color.
Exp: Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes. It protects the skin against sun damage and gives it its color.
Question 53 of 100
The process of meiosis results in:
✅ Correct Answer: D
Exp: Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division and results in four haploid daughter cells (gametes).
Exp: Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division and results in four haploid daughter cells (gametes).
Question 54 of 100
Mitosis occurs in:
✅ Correct Answer: A
Exp: Mitosis occurs in somatic cells for growth and repair, producing two identical diploid daughter cells.
Exp: Mitosis occurs in somatic cells for growth and repair, producing two identical diploid daughter cells.
Question 55 of 100
Crossing over occurs during which phase of meiosis?
✅ Correct Answer: A
Exp: Crossing over (exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes) occurs during Prophase I, increasing genetic diversity.
Exp: Crossing over (exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes) occurs during Prophase I, increasing genetic diversity.
Question 56 of 100
The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is called:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Synapsis is the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.
Exp: Synapsis is the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.
Question 57 of 100
An alternative form of a gene is called an:
✅ Correct Answer: A
Exp: Alleles are variant forms of the same gene located at the same position (locus) on a chromosome.
Exp: Alleles are variant forms of the same gene located at the same position (locus) on a chromosome.
Question 58 of 100
The physical expression of a trait is called its:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Phenotype refers to the observable physical properties of an organism, while genotype is its genetic makeup.
Exp: Phenotype refers to the observable physical properties of an organism, while genotype is its genetic makeup.
Question 59 of 100
In human females, the sex chromosomes are:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Human females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
Exp: Human females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
Question 60 of 100
Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome number:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Down syndrome is also known as Trisomy 21, because individuals have three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two.
Exp: Down syndrome is also known as Trisomy 21, because individuals have three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two.
Question 61 of 100
The sugar present in DNA is:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains the sugar ribose.
Exp: DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains the sugar ribose.
Question 62 of 100
Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but NOT in DNA?
✅ Correct Answer: D
Exp: RNA uses Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T). DNA uses Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.
Exp: RNA uses Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T). DNA uses Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.
Question 63 of 100
The start codon for protein synthesis is usually:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: AUG is the start codon, which codes for the amino acid methionine. UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons.
Exp: AUG is the start codon, which codes for the amino acid methionine. UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons.
Question 64 of 100
Antibodies are produced by which type of cells?
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: B-lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies that bind to specific antigens on pathogens.
Exp: B-lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies that bind to specific antigens on pathogens.
Question 65 of 100
Vaccination provides which type of immunity?
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Vaccines stimulate the body's immune system to produce its own antibodies actively, but the exposure is artificial.
Exp: Vaccines stimulate the body's immune system to produce its own antibodies actively, but the exposure is artificial.
Question 66 of 100
HIV attacks which specific cells in the human immune system?
✅ Correct Answer: A
Exp: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) specifically infects and destroys CD4+ Helper T cells, weakening the immune system.
Exp: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) specifically infects and destroys CD4+ Helper T cells, weakening the immune system.
Question 67 of 100
Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide are primary greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
Exp: Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide are primary greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
Question 68 of 100
Ozone depletion is primarily caused by:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: CFCs released from older refrigerants and aerosols break down ozone molecules in the stratosphere.
Exp: CFCs released from older refrigerants and aerosols break down ozone molecules in the stratosphere.
Question 69 of 100
Lichens are a symbiotic association between:
✅ Correct Answer: A
Exp: A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga (or cyanobacterium). The fungus provides structure, while the alga provides food via photosynthesis.
Exp: A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga (or cyanobacterium). The fungus provides structure, while the alga provides food via photosynthesis.
Question 70 of 100
Mycorrhizae represent a symbiotic relationship between:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Mycorrhizae are beneficial associations where fungi help plant roots absorb water and minerals, and the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus.
Exp: Mycorrhizae are beneficial associations where fungi help plant roots absorb water and minerals, and the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus.
Question 71 of 100
Plasmid DNA is commonly found in:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA, commonly found in bacteria and heavily used in genetic engineering.
Exp: Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA, commonly found in bacteria and heavily used in genetic engineering.
Question 72 of 100
The technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA is called:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: PCR is a revolutionary technique used to make millions of copies of a specific DNA sample rapidly.
Exp: PCR is a revolutionary technique used to make millions of copies of a specific DNA sample rapidly.
Question 73 of 100
Which enzyme is used to "cut" DNA at specific sequences?
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Restriction enzymes (endonucleases) act like molecular scissors, cutting DNA at specific recognition sites.
Exp: Restriction enzymes (endonucleases) act like molecular scissors, cutting DNA at specific recognition sites.
Question 74 of 100
Which enzyme is used to "paste" or join DNA fragments together?
✅ Correct Answer: A
Exp: DNA ligase facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
Exp: DNA ligase facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
Question 75 of 100
The first cloned mammal was a:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell (1996) using the process of nuclear transfer.
Exp: Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell (1996) using the process of nuclear transfer.
Question 76 of 100
The primary component of plant cell walls is:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Plant cell walls are primarily made of cellulose. Fungal cell walls are made of chitin, and bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan.
Exp: Plant cell walls are primarily made of cellulose. Fungal cell walls are made of chitin, and bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan.
Question 77 of 100
The storage form of carbohydrates in animals is:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Animals store excess glucose in the liver and muscle cells in the form of glycogen. Plants store it as starch.
Exp: Animals store excess glucose in the liver and muscle cells in the form of glycogen. Plants store it as starch.
Question 78 of 100
Which molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Transfer RNA (tRNA) serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
Exp: Transfer RNA (tRNA) serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
Question 79 of 100
During cellular respiration, most ATP is produced in the:
✅ Correct Answer: D
Exp: The Electron Transport Chain, located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, produces the vast majority of ATP (around 32-34 molecules per glucose).
Exp: The Electron Transport Chain, located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, produces the vast majority of ATP (around 32-34 molecules per glucose).
Question 80 of 100
Oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Through the process of photolysis in the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split, releasing oxygen gas.
Exp: Through the process of photolysis in the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split, releasing oxygen gas.
Question 81 of 100
Which wavelength of light is most effective for photosynthesis?
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light most efficiently for photosynthesis, while reflecting green light (which makes plants look green).
Exp: Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light most efficiently for photosynthesis, while reflecting green light (which makes plants look green).
Question 82 of 100
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area is called a:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: A population consists of interbreeding individuals of one species in a defined area.
Exp: A population consists of interbreeding individuals of one species in a defined area.
Question 83 of 100
All the interacting populations of different species in a given area make up a:
✅ Correct Answer: A
Exp: A biological community consists of all the different interacting species (populations) in a specific habitat.
Exp: A biological community consists of all the different interacting species (populations) in a specific habitat.
Question 84 of 100
The role or function of an organism in its ecosystem is its:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: An ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (its 'job' in the ecosystem).
Exp: An ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (its 'job' in the ecosystem).
Question 85 of 100
Which animal tissue type lines the surfaces and cavities of the body?
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs, vessels, and cavities.
Exp: Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs, vessels, and cavities.
Question 86 of 100
Smooth muscles are:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Smooth muscle (found in the gut, blood vessels) is not under conscious control (involuntary) and lacks striations.
Exp: Smooth muscle (found in the gut, blood vessels) is not under conscious control (involuntary) and lacks striations.
Question 87 of 100
Cartilage and bone are examples of:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Bone, cartilage, blood, and adipose (fat) are all specialized types of connective tissue.
Exp: Bone, cartilage, blood, and adipose (fat) are all specialized types of connective tissue.
Question 88 of 100
The longest phase of the cell cycle is:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Interphase (G1, S, G2) is the longest phase, during which the cell grows and copies its DNA before entering mitosis (M phase).
Exp: Interphase (G1, S, G2) is the longest phase, during which the cell grows and copies its DNA before entering mitosis (M phase).
Question 89 of 100
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles during:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: During anaphase, the cohesin proteins are cleaved, and sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the cell poles.
Exp: During anaphase, the cohesin proteins are cleaved, and sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the cell poles.
Question 90 of 100
The phenomenon where one gene masks or suppresses the expression of another gene is:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Epistasis occurs when the effect of one gene is dependent on the presence of one or more 'modifier' genes.
Exp: Epistasis occurs when the effect of one gene is dependent on the presence of one or more 'modifier' genes.
Question 91 of 100
The AB blood group in humans is an example of:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: In type AB blood, both the A and B alleles are fully expressed simultaneously, which is classic co-dominance.
Exp: In type AB blood, both the A and B alleles are fully expressed simultaneously, which is classic co-dominance.
Question 92 of 100
A cross between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual is a:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: A test cross is used to determine if an individual exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous.
Exp: A test cross is used to determine if an individual exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous.
Question 93 of 100
The theory of Use and Disuse of organs was proposed by:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Lamarck proposed that organisms pass on traits acquired during their lifetime (e.g., a giraffe's long neck stretching over time). This theory was later largely disproved by modern genetics.
Exp: Lamarck proposed that organisms pass on traits acquired during their lifetime (e.g., a giraffe's long neck stretching over time). This theory was later largely disproved by modern genetics.
Question 94 of 100
Homologous organs are those which have:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Homologous organs (like a human arm, whale flipper, and bat wing) share a common evolutionary ancestor but have adapted to different functions. Analogous organs have different origins but similar functions (insect wing vs bird wing).
Exp: Homologous organs (like a human arm, whale flipper, and bat wing) share a common evolutionary ancestor but have adapted to different functions. Analogous organs have different origins but similar functions (insect wing vs bird wing).
Question 95 of 100
Vestigial organs are:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: Vestigial structures (like the human appendix or tailbone) are remnants of organs that were functional in evolutionary ancestors but are now non-functional or reduced.
Exp: Vestigial structures (like the human appendix or tailbone) are remnants of organs that were functional in evolutionary ancestors but are now non-functional or reduced.
Question 96 of 100
The largest taxon in the biological classification system is:
✅ Correct Answer: D
Exp: The Domain (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya) is the highest taxonomic rank, broader than Kingdom.
Exp: The Domain (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya) is the highest taxonomic rank, broader than Kingdom.
Question 97 of 100
Binomial nomenclature was introduced by:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Linnaeus established the system of giving organisms a two-part Latin name (Genus and species), such as Homo sapiens.
Exp: Linnaeus established the system of giving organisms a two-part Latin name (Genus and species), such as Homo sapiens.
Question 98 of 100
Prions are infectious agents composed entirely of:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: Prions are misfolded proteins that can transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein, causing diseases like Mad Cow Disease.
Exp: Prions are misfolded proteins that can transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein, causing diseases like Mad Cow Disease.
Question 99 of 100
The only vein in the human body that carries oxygenated blood is the:
✅ Correct Answer: C
Exp: The pulmonary vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart. All other veins carry deoxygenated blood.
Exp: The pulmonary vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart. All other veins carry deoxygenated blood.
Question 100 of 100
The sound box of the human respiratory system is the:
✅ Correct Answer: B
Exp: The larynx, commonly called the voice box, contains the vocal cords and produces sound.
Exp: The larynx, commonly called the voice box, contains the vocal cords and produces sound.
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